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3. Testimonials - don't know anybody that has bought a Patronage? Wrong! If the Patronage is good the internet will let you know. Use the Internet as a friend and get testimonials before you buy.
4. Questions - Got a question about Patronage then search the Forums, FAQ's, Blogs etc. Don't be afraid to ask .....
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6. Returns - still worried that even after all of the above your Patronage wont be what you want? Check out the returns policy. There is so much competition now that someone, somewhere is bound to offer the terms that you are comfortable with.
7. Feedback - happy with your Patronage then let people know, after all you are depending on others people input in your buying decision, so why not give a little back.
8. Security - check for the yellow padlock on the Patronage site before you buy, and the s after http:/ /i.e. https:// = a secure site
9. Contact - got a question about Patronage, or want to leave a comment then check out the sites contact page. Reputable companies have them and respond.
10. Payment - ready to pay for your Patronage, then use your credit card or PayPal! Be aware of companies that don't accept them, there may be genuine reasons but given the huge amount of choice you have when buying online there is no reason at all not to buy via credit card or PayPal.
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization. It can also refer to the right of bestowing offices or Benefice, the business given by a regular customer, and the
patron saint.
In some countries the term is often used to describe the corrupt use of state resources to advance the interests of groups, families, ethnicities or races in exchange for electoral support. These
patronage systems have different characteristics depending on the area in which they are practiced.
The term derives from the Latin
patronatus, the formal relationship between a
Patronus and his
Cliens.
The arts
From the
Ancient history onward patronage of the arts was important in
art history. It is known in greatest detail in reference to pre-modern
Middle Ages and Renaissance Europe, though patronage can also be traced in
History of Japan, the traditional
Southeast Asian kingdoms, and elsewhere—art patronage tended to arise wherever a
royal family or
Empire system and an
aristocracy dominated a society and controlled a significant share of resources. Rulers, nobles, and very wealthy people used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions, social positions, and prestige. That is, patrons operated as sponsors. Some languages still use the term
mecenate, derived from the name of
Gaius Maecenas, generous friend and adviser to the
Roman Emperor Augustus. Some patrons, such as the Medici of Florence, used artistic patronage to "cleanse" wealth that was perceived as ill-gotten through usury. Art patronage was especially important in the creation of
religious art. The Roman Catholic Church and later
Protestantism groups sponsored art and architecture, as seen in
churchs, cathedrals,
painting,
sculpture, and
handicrafts.
While sponsorship of artists and the commissioning of artwork is the best-known aspect of the patronage system, other disciplines also benefitted from patronage including those who studied natural philosophy (History of science
science),
musicians, literature,
philosophy, alchemy,
astrology, and other scholars. Artists as diverse and important as Chrétien de Troyes, Leonardo de Vinci and
Michelangelo,
William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson all sought and enjoyed the support of noble or ecclesiastical patrons.F. W. Kent et al., eds.,
Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.Cedric C. Brown,
Patronage, Politics, and Literary traditions in England, 1558–1658, Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1993. Figures as late as Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and
Ludwig van Beethoven also participated in the system to some degree; it was only with the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the 19th century that European culture moved away from its patronage system to the more publicly-supported system of museums, theatres, mass audiences and mass consumption that is familiar in the contemporary world.
This kind of system continues across many fields of the
arts. Though the nature of the sponsors has changed—from churches to charitable foundations, and from aristocrats to plutocrats—the term
patronage has a more neutral
connotation than in politics. It may simply refer to direct support (often financial) of an artist, for example by
Grant (money).
In the later part of the 20th century the academic sub-discipline of patronage studies began to evolve, in recognition of the important and often neglected role that the phenomenon of patronage had played in the cultural life of previous centuries.
Politics
Political leaders often have at their disposal a great deal of patronage, in the sense that they take decisions on the appointment of
officials inside and outside government (for example on quangos). Patronage is therefore a recognized power of the
executive (government). In most countries the executive has the right to make many
appointments, some of which may be lucrative (see also sinecures). In some Democracy, high-level appointments are reviewed or approved by the legislature (as in the advice and consent of the United States Senate); in other countries, such as those using the
Westminster system, this is not the case.
In politics,
patronage more narrowly defined is the practice by holders of political office of appointing their followers or fellow party members to positions. For example, those could be high-level posts such as ambassadorships, or lower-level civil service posts. Even Blue-collar worker on the government payroll may be sought after. Such overt political patronage is seen as a tool for rewarding and enforcing loyalty; loyalty is the criterion for selecting a person rather than more
Meritocracy . The selection process may be seen as questionable.
Patronage can consequently be seen as one of the possible major deficiencies of a system of excess bureaucracy, defined as a system with a weak bureaucratic structure, the availability of large public resources to the patron, and that these public resources be easily divisible in order to target specific groups and individuals. Nepotism and cronyism are more specific types of patronage.
Patronage in the United States
In the
United States during the Gilded Age, patronage became a central issue.
Republican Party (United States)
United States Senate Roscoe Conkling of New York became a powerful political figure by determining who in the party would be given certain lucrative positions. Conkling and his supporters were known as
Stalwarts. The Republican reformers who opposed patronage and advocated a civil service system were known as
Mugwumps—their lack of party loyalty seen as having their "mug" on one side of the fence, their "wump" on the other. Between the two were the
Halfbreeds, who were less patronage-oriented than the Stalwarts, but not as reform-minded as the Mugwumps.Marvin and Dorothy Rosenberg, The Dirtiest Election,
American Heritage, August 1962, Volume 13, Issue 5. Accessed online 29 September 2006.
When James Garfield became President of the United States, he appointed Halfbreeds to most offices (despite the appointment of Stalwart
Chester A. Arthur to the role of
Vice President of the United States, which represented a compromise within the Republican Party). This provoked the ire of the Stalwarts. Charles J. Guiteau, a Stalwart, assassinated Garfield in
1881, six months after he became President.
To prevent further political violence and to assuage public outrage, Congress passed the
Pendleton Act in 1883, which set up the United States Civil Service Commission. Henceforth, applicants for most federal government jobs would have to pass an examination. Federal politicians' influence over bureaucratic appointments waned, and patronage declined as a national political issue. Patronage reached its pinnacle under the guidance of Postmaster General
James Farley during the "New Deal" administration of Franklin Roosevelt, and was considered the driving force behind the administrations social welfare and infrastructure policies, including the expansion of the Postal Department and WPA programs.
Charity
Charitable and other non-profit making organisations often seek an influential figurehead to act as patron. The relationship often does not involve money. As well as conferring credibility, these people can instead use their contacts and charisma to assist the organisation to raise funds or to affect government policy. The British Royal Family are especially prolific in this respect, devoting a large proportion of their time to a wide range of causes.
==Commercial==Sometimes consumers support smaller or local businesses or corporations out of loyalty even if other cheaper options exist. Their regular custom is referred to as 'patronage'.
Sports
In the same manner as commercial patronage, those who attend a sporting event may be referred to as patrons, though the usage in much of the world is now considered archaic — with one notable exception. Those who attend The Masters Tournament, one of the four major championship of professional
golf, are still traditionally referred to as "patrons," largely at the insistence of the
Augusta National Golf Club. This insistence is occasionally made fun of by sportswriters and other media. Davis, Seth: The difference between patrons and fans, Golf.com, April 6 2007. More famously,
CBS, which broadcasts the tournament, ran afoul of Augusta National management when Jack Whitaker (sportscaster) referred to the patrons as a "mob" during a playoff between
Billy Casper and Gene Littler. Augusta co-
founder Clifford Roberts has Whitaker banned from commentary duties in following years, though he was restored to work years later to replace another commentator who had fallen ill. Chirkinian, Frank: My Shot,
Golf Digest, September 2003.]
In polo, a "patron" is a person who puts together a team by hiring one or more professionals. The rest of the team may be amateurs, often including the patron himself (or, increasingly, herself). Some patrons are extremely skillful and serious players; others are more lighthearted and in it just for the fun.
Ecclesiastical
Catholic
Canon law
In Roman Catholic Church
canon law, the "right of patronage" (
ius patronatus) is a collection of rights and obligations in connection with the assignment and administration of a benefice; these rights are legally entailed upon a patron by the Church, "out of gratitude towards her benefactor." It is a combination of rights that pertain to the spiritual realm, designated in the
decretals as
ius spirituali annexum, and is therefore subject to ecclesiastical legislation and jurisdiction. However, property rights are also involved, so it is also subject to civil law (in the sense of laws passed by
states, contrasted to canon law).
In the early Roman Catholic and
Eastern Orthodox Churches, such rights were often granted to the clergy or
layman founder of a church; for example, the
Synod of Toledo in 655 gave a layman this privilege for each church erected by him. In the countries occupied by the Germanic tribes, the builder of a church, the feudal lord or the administrator possessed full right of disposal over the church founded or possessed by him, as his own church (
ecclesia propria) and over the ecclesiastics appointed by him, whom he could dismiss at pleasure, though appointment and dismissal of ecclesiastics was at least formally subject to the consent of the bishop. In the course of the Conflict of Investitures (11th and early 12th centuries), the private right over churches was abolished. Still, even after that time the lord of an estate, as patron, was conceded the right as
ius spirituali annexum of presenting a cleric to the bishop on the occasion of a vacancy in the church.
Any church benefice, with the exception of the
pope, the Cardinal (Catholicism), the bishop, and the
Prelate of cathedral,
collegiate church and
monastery churches, may be the object of the right of patronage. Patronages may be heritable or
ex officio.
In theory, the patron must be a member of the Church, though there are few other limitations (for example, women, minors, and illegitimates may be patrons in this sense). "Member of the Church" is construed broadly: in Germany and Austria the Peace of Westphalia (1648) left Protestant princes the rights of patronage over Catholic church offices (and vice versa), and modern
concordats have continued it. However, a patron must be a
Christian, and cannot be an
excommunicati, though could be an
excommunicati tolerati or someone "infamous according to ecclesiastical or civil law."
Patronage of Our Lady
The liturgical feast of the Patronage of Our Lady was first permitted by Decree of the
Sacred Congregation of Rites on 6 May, 1679, for all the ecclesiastical provinces of Spain, in memory of the victories obtained over the Saracens, heretics and other enemies from the sixth century to the reign of Philip IV of Spain.
Pope
Benedict XII ordered it to be kept in the
Papal States on the third Sunday of November. To other places it is granted, on request, for some Sunday in November, to be designated by the
ordinary. In many places the feast of the Patronage is held with an additional Marian title of
Queen of All Saints, of Mercy, Mother of Graces.
The Office is taken entirely from the Common of the Blessed Virgin, and the Mass is the "Salve sancta parens".
The Greeks have no feast of this kind, but the Ruthenians, followed by all the Slavs of the Greek Rite, have a feast, called
Patrocinii sanctissimæ Dominæ etc., or
Pokrov Bogorodicy, fixed on 1 October, which, however, would seem to correspond more with the Catholic
Feast of the Scapular.
Anglican
See main article Parish#Church of England
In the Church of England,
patronage is the commonly-used term for the right to present a candidate for the benefice of a particular parish.
See also
Notes
Sources and external links
- Johannes Baptist Sägmüller. Patron and Patronage, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI, 1911, Robert Appleton Company. This is the reference for the Canon law section.
- The role of patrons in the Renaissance
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization. It can also refer to the right of bestowing offices or
Benefice, the business given by a regular customer, and the patron saint.
In some countries the term is often used to describe the corrupt use of state resources to advance the interests of groups, families, ethnicities or races in exchange for electoral support. These
patronage systems have different characteristics depending on the area in which they are practiced.
The term derives from the Latin
patronatus, the formal relationship between a
Patronus and his
Cliens.
The arts
From the
Ancient history onward patronage of the
arts was important in art history. It is known in greatest detail in reference to pre-modern
Middle Ages and
Renaissance Europe, though patronage can also be traced in History of Japan, the traditional
Southeast Asian kingdoms, and elsewhere—art patronage tended to arise wherever a
royal family or Empire system and an
aristocracy dominated a society and controlled a significant share of resources. Rulers, nobles, and very wealthy people used patronage of the arts to endorse their political ambitions, social positions, and prestige. That is, patrons operated as sponsors. Some languages still use the term
mecenate, derived from the name of
Gaius Maecenas, generous friend and adviser to the
Roman Emperor Augustus. Some patrons, such as the Medici of Florence, used artistic patronage to "cleanse" wealth that was perceived as ill-gotten through
usury. Art patronage was especially important in the creation of religious art. The Roman Catholic Church and later Protestantism groups sponsored art and
architecture, as seen in churchs,
cathedrals,
painting,
sculpture, and
handicrafts.
While sponsorship of artists and the commissioning of artwork is the best-known aspect of the patronage system, other disciplines also benefitted from patronage including those who studied natural philosophy (
History of science science),
musicians, literature, philosophy, alchemy, astrology, and other scholars. Artists as diverse and important as Chrétien de Troyes, Leonardo de Vinci and
Michelangelo,
William Shakespeare, and Ben Jonson all sought and enjoyed the support of noble or ecclesiastical patrons.F. W. Kent et al., eds.,
Patronage, Art, and Society in Renaissance Italy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1987.Cedric C. Brown,
Patronage, Politics, and Literary traditions in England, 1558–1658, Detroit, Wayne State University Press, 1993. Figures as late as
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and
Ludwig van Beethoven also participated in the system to some degree; it was only with the rise of bourgeois and capitalist social forms in the 19th century that European culture moved away from its patronage system to the more publicly-supported system of museums, theatres, mass audiences and mass consumption that is familiar in the contemporary world.
This kind of system continues across many fields of the
arts. Though the nature of the sponsors has changed—from churches to charitable foundations, and from aristocrats to plutocrats—the term
patronage has a more neutral connotation than in politics. It may simply refer to direct support (often financial) of an artist, for example by
Grant (money).
In the later part of the 20th century the academic sub-discipline of patronage studies began to evolve, in recognition of the important and often neglected role that the phenomenon of patronage had played in the cultural life of previous centuries.
Politics
Political leaders often have at their disposal a great deal of patronage, in the sense that they take decisions on the appointment of
officials inside and outside government (for example on
quangos). Patronage is therefore a recognized power of the
executive (government). In most countries the executive has the right to make many
appointments, some of which may be lucrative (see also sinecures). In some Democracy, high-level appointments are reviewed or approved by the
legislature (as in the
advice and consent of the
United States Senate); in other countries, such as those using the
Westminster system, this is not the case.
In politics,
patronage more narrowly defined is the practice by holders of political office of appointing their followers or fellow party members to positions. For example, those could be high-level posts such as
ambassadorships, or lower-level civil service posts. Even Blue-collar worker on the government payroll may be sought after. Such overt political patronage is seen as a tool for rewarding and enforcing loyalty; loyalty is the criterion for selecting a person rather than more Meritocracy . The selection process may be seen as questionable.
Patronage can consequently be seen as one of the possible major deficiencies of a system of excess bureaucracy, defined as a system with a weak bureaucratic structure, the availability of large public resources to the patron, and that these public resources be easily divisible in order to target specific groups and individuals.
Nepotism and
cronyism are more specific types of patronage.
Patronage in the United States
In the United States during the
Gilded Age, patronage became a central issue.
Republican Party (United States)
United States Senate Roscoe Conkling of
New York became a powerful political figure by determining who in the party would be given certain lucrative positions. Conkling and his supporters were known as
Stalwarts. The Republican reformers who opposed patronage and advocated a civil service system were known as
Mugwumps—their lack of party loyalty seen as having their "mug" on one side of the fence, their "wump" on the other. Between the two were the
Halfbreeds, who were less patronage-oriented than the Stalwarts, but not as reform-minded as the Mugwumps.Marvin and Dorothy Rosenberg, The Dirtiest Election,
American Heritage, August 1962, Volume 13, Issue 5. Accessed online 29 September 2006.
When James Garfield became
President of the United States, he appointed Halfbreeds to most offices (despite the appointment of Stalwart Chester A. Arthur to the role of Vice President of the United States, which represented a compromise within the Republican Party). This provoked the ire of the Stalwarts.
Charles J. Guiteau, a Stalwart, assassinated Garfield in
1881, six months after he became President.
To prevent further political violence and to assuage public outrage, Congress passed the Pendleton Act in 1883, which set up the United States Civil Service Commission. Henceforth, applicants for most federal government jobs would have to pass an examination. Federal politicians' influence over bureaucratic appointments waned, and patronage declined as a national political issue. Patronage reached its pinnacle under the guidance of Postmaster General
James Farley during the "New Deal" administration of Franklin Roosevelt, and was considered the driving force behind the administrations social welfare and infrastructure policies, including the expansion of the Postal Department and WPA programs.
Charity
Charitable and other non-profit making organisations often seek an influential figurehead to act as patron. The relationship often does not involve money. As well as conferring credibility, these people can instead use their contacts and charisma to assist the organisation to raise funds or to affect government policy. The British Royal Family are especially prolific in this respect, devoting a large proportion of their time to a wide range of causes.
==Commercial==Sometimes consumers support smaller or local businesses or corporations out of loyalty even if other cheaper options exist. Their regular custom is referred to as 'patronage'.
Sports
In the same manner as commercial patronage, those who attend a sporting event may be referred to as patrons, though the usage in much of the world is now considered archaic — with one notable exception. Those who attend The Masters Tournament, one of the four major championship of professional golf, are still traditionally referred to as "patrons," largely at the insistence of the
Augusta National Golf Club. This insistence is occasionally made fun of by sportswriters and other media. Davis, Seth: The difference between patrons and fans, Golf.com, April 6 2007. More famously, CBS, which broadcasts the tournament, ran afoul of Augusta National management when
Jack Whitaker (sportscaster) referred to the patrons as a "mob" during a playoff between
Billy Casper and
Gene Littler. Augusta co-founder Clifford Roberts has Whitaker banned from commentary duties in following years, though he was restored to work years later to replace another commentator who had fallen ill. Chirkinian, Frank: My Shot,
Golf Digest, September 2003.]
In
polo, a "patron" is a person who puts together a team by hiring one or more professionals. The rest of the team may be amateurs, often including the patron himself (or, increasingly, herself). Some patrons are extremely skillful and serious players; others are more lighthearted and in it just for the fun.
Ecclesiastical
Catholic
Canon law
In
Roman Catholic Church canon law, the "right of patronage" (
ius patronatus) is a collection of rights and obligations in connection with the assignment and administration of a benefice; these rights are legally entailed upon a patron by the Church, "out of gratitude towards her benefactor." It is a combination of rights that pertain to the spiritual realm, designated in the
decretals as
ius spirituali annexum, and is therefore subject to ecclesiastical legislation and jurisdiction. However, property rights are also involved, so it is also subject to civil law (in the sense of laws passed by
states, contrasted to canon law).
In the early Roman Catholic and
Eastern Orthodox Churches, such rights were often granted to the
clergy or
layman founder of a church; for example, the
Synod of Toledo in 655 gave a layman this privilege for each church erected by him. In the countries occupied by the Germanic tribes, the builder of a church, the feudal lord or the administrator possessed full right of disposal over the church founded or possessed by him, as his own church (
ecclesia propria) and over the ecclesiastics appointed by him, whom he could dismiss at pleasure, though appointment and dismissal of ecclesiastics was at least formally subject to the consent of the bishop. In the course of the Conflict of Investitures (11th and early 12th centuries), the private right over churches was abolished. Still, even after that time the lord of an estate, as patron, was conceded the right as
ius spirituali annexum of presenting a cleric to the bishop on the occasion of a vacancy in the church.
Any church benefice, with the exception of the pope, the
Cardinal (Catholicism), the bishop, and the Prelate of cathedral,
collegiate church and
monastery churches, may be the object of the right of patronage. Patronages may be heritable or
ex officio.
In theory, the patron must be a member of the Church, though there are few other limitations (for example, women, minors, and illegitimates may be patrons in this sense). "Member of the Church" is construed broadly: in Germany and Austria the Peace of Westphalia (1648) left Protestant princes the rights of patronage over Catholic church offices (and vice versa), and modern concordats have continued it. However, a patron must be a
Christian, and cannot be an
excommunicati, though could be an
excommunicati tolerati or someone "infamous according to ecclesiastical or civil law."
Patronage of Our Lady
The liturgical feast of the Patronage of Our Lady was first permitted by Decree of the Sacred Congregation of Rites on 6 May, 1679, for all the ecclesiastical provinces of Spain, in memory of the victories obtained over the Saracens, heretics and other enemies from the sixth century to the reign of Philip IV of Spain.
Pope
Benedict XII ordered it to be kept in the
Papal States on the third Sunday of November. To other places it is granted, on request, for some Sunday in November, to be designated by the ordinary. In many places the feast of the Patronage is held with an additional Marian title of
Queen of All Saints, of Mercy, Mother of Graces.
The Office is taken entirely from the Common of the Blessed Virgin, and the Mass is the "Salve sancta parens".
The Greeks have no feast of this kind, but the Ruthenians, followed by all the Slavs of the Greek Rite, have a feast, called
Patrocinii sanctissimæ Dominæ etc., or
Pokrov Bogorodicy, fixed on
1 October, which, however, would seem to correspond more with the Catholic
Feast of the Scapular.
Anglican
See main article Parish#Church of England
In the
Church of England,
patronage is the commonly-used term for the right to present a candidate for the benefice of a particular
parish.
See also
Notes
Sources and external links
- Johannes Baptist Sägmüller. Patron and Patronage, The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XI, 1911, Robert Appleton Company. This is the reference for the Canon law section.
- The role of patrons in the Renaissance
Patronage
CPAS is committed to supporting and encouraging Gospel ministers and ministry. One very practical way this is expressed comes when an individual is looking for a new appointment ...
Patronage -
Background CPAS through three separate Trusts . Church Pastoral Aid Society Patronage Trust. Martyrs Memorial and Church of England Trust. Church Trust Fund Trust
Patronage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Patronage is the support, encouragement, privilege and often financial aid given by a person or an organization. It can also refer to the right of bestowing offices or church ...
The Royal Photographic Society - Patronage
RPS Patronage and Medals information. Click here RPS Patronage Application. Click here. Patronage has been granted to the following Exhibitions: 2008 Exhibitions:
PAGB Patronage
The Official PAGB Web Site PAGB Patronage . PAGB Patronage for Exhibitions & Events. The detailed conditions and Regulations in respect of Patronage are given in the ...
MBA Patronage
The MBA grants patronage to approximately 50 shows each year. These range from the COUNTY PATRONAGE which is awarded annually to a different society each year, and has all ...
Broadside. Patronage and promotion
Broadside, patronage and promotion in the 18th Century Royal Navy ... In the eighteenth century no pretence was made that the society people lived in was a pure meritocracy.
Life Patronage
APPLICATION FOR PATRONAGE Name Full Postal Address Telephone (inc. area code) Type of Patronage (Please circle one) Individual £20 Business £40 Family £40 Life Patronage £150 ...
patronage - definition of patronage by the Free Online Dictionary ...
Definition of patronage in the Online Dictionary. Meaning of patronage. Pronunciation of patronage. Translations of patronage. patronage synonyms, patronage antonyms.
Music Publishing and Patronage by Irene Lawford-Hinrichsen
Book about the history of C. F. Peters Music Publishers, Leipzig, founded in 1800.
